The Green Light in The Great Gatsby Essay Essay Example for Free

The Green Light in The Great Gatsby Essay Essay Key Factors * 1920’s America â€Å"the Jazz era† – America had a soaring economy – Set in the summer of 1922. * Wealth, class, social status, love, materialism and the decline of theâ€Å"American Dream† (caused by a dizzy rise in the stock markets after WW1) are all major themes * Narrated through the eyes of character Nick Carraway – educated at Yale, moves to New York from Minnesota – presumably searching for success i.e. the American Dream * The storyline is very similar to Francis Scott Key Fitzgerald’s own life events. * Prohibition of alcohol in America (1920-1933) meant that bootlegging/rum-running was big business. This was how Gatsby made his fortune. * Every character appears to be something they’re not. * Fitzgerald portrays the 1920s as an era of decayed social and moral values, evidenced in its overarching cynicism, greed, and empty pursuit of pleasure * As Fitzgerald saw it (and as Nick explains in Chapter 9), the American dream was originally about discovery, individualism, and the pursuit of happiness. In the 1920s depicted in the novel, however, easy money and relaxed social values have corrupted this dream, especially on the East Coast. Essay Question Analysis Explore the ways in which Fitzgerald presents contrast between the characters of Daisy and Myrtle in The Great Gatsby? Daisy Buchanan: Her name symbolises a flower: White on the outside and yellow on this inside, this is in keeping with Fitzgerald’s use of colours/symbolism. Although white may be used throughout the novel to symbolise purity, innocence and honesty, could it be that white could mean blank, void, empty? * â€Å"The exhilarating ripple of her voice was a wild tonic in the rain† * â€Å"Her voice is full of money† couldnt be over-dreamed Metaphor * â€Å"Daisy’s murmur was only to make people lean towards her, an irrelevant criticism that made it no less charming† * â€Å"She dressed in white, and had a little white roadster† – â€Å"white girlhood† * It makes me sad because Ive never seen such such beautiful shirts before. – Materialism * Daisy and Jordan lay upon an enormous couch, like silver idols weig hing down their own white dresses against the singing breeze of the fans. * I hope shell be a  foolthats the best thing a girl can be in this world, a beautiful little fool You see, I think everythings terrible anyhow And I know. Ive been everywhere and seen everything and done everything. – Materialism If her daughter is a fool, then shell never get hurt. Shell never realize that she married for money and status instead of real love, that her husband is having an affair right under her nose, that everyone sees her as silly, stupid, naive, and pitiful. If shes a fool, shell never have an opinion that can be dismissed by the men in her life, and shell never care about anything except dresses and flowers and all the pretty things in life. Shell be pretty enough to find a husband who can support her financially, and dumb enough never to realize how tragic life actually is. * Nicks second cousin, once removed. * â€Å"The most popular young girl in Louisville† * Daughter â€Å"Pammy† is rarely seen throughout the book. Though when company is over she is beckoned to perform an act. Much like Daisy. Daisy’s Location and descriptions * East Egg, Long Island, New York. – home to â€Å"old money†, wealthy aristocracy, tradition, old ideals and ideas * Comes from a wealthy family in Louisville, Kentucky * The significance of East Egg and West Egg is the social divide between new money and old money. Daisy and Tom Buchanan are old money (their families have been rich for many generations) and so they live on East Egg island. Gatsby and Nick are new money (theyve earned it themselves or their parents earned it through work) so they live on West Egg island. It also represents the ideas of living in the past and present. East Egg represents how Daisy and Tom both live with old world ideals and ideas, and refusing to move on into the west where new things await. West Egg represents how Gatsby and Nick are living in the present and they try to move out of the past life and ideals. They are able to look to the future instead of being held back in the past. They are unafraid to try new things. NICKS QUOTE ABOUT THE AMERICAN DREAM â€Å"the green light, the orgiastic future  that year by year recedes before us. It eluded us then, but thats no mattertomorrow we will run faster, stretch out our arms farther. And one fine morning So we beat on, boats against the current, borne back ceaselessly into the past. TOM AND DAISY QUOTE – â€Å"They were careless people, Tom and Daisy they smashed up things and creatures and then retreated back into their money of their vast carelessness, or whatever it was that kept them together and let other people clean up the mess they had made.† Myrtle Wilson – Much like Daisy, Myrtle also symbolises a plant, however, Myrtle (translated from old English) means evergreen shrub, which is a very common plant. This is a valley of ashesa fantastic farm where ashes grow like wheat into ridges and hills and grotesque gardens; where ashes take the forms of houses and chimneys and rising smoke and, finally, with a transcendent effort, of men who move dimly and already crumbling through the powdery air. Occasionally a line of gray cars crawls along an invisible track, gives out a ghastly creak, and comes to rest, and immediately the ash-gray men swarm up with leaden spades and stir up an impenetrable cloud, which screens their obscure operations from your sight. He thinks she goes to see her sister in New York. Hes so dumb he doesnt know hes alive. I married him because I thought he was a gentlemanI thought he knew something about breeding, but he wasnt fit to lick my shoe. Colors Symbolism, Imagery, Allegory Sometimes we sound like art snobs when we talk about The Great Gatsby (Look at the use of green! Such marvelous blues, and so forth). Honestly, it seems like there’s a little too much color stuff going on here to be coincidental. Yellow and Gold: Money, Money, Money. Oh, and Death. First off, we’ve got yellows and golds, which we’re thinking has something to  do with†¦gold (in the cash money sense). Why gold and not green? Because we’re talking about the real stuff, the authentic, traditional, old money – not these new-fangled dollar bills. So you’ve got your yellow cocktail music playing at Gatsby’s party where the turkeys are bewitched to dark gold and Jordan and Nick sit with two girls in yellow. It seems clear, then, that Gatsby is using these parties to try to fit in with the old money crowd. And it doesn’t stop there; when Gatsby is finally going to see Daisy again at Nick’s house, he wears a gold tie. Nick later mentions the pale gold odor of kiss-me-at-the-gate, which may seem weird (since last we checked, colors didn’t have a smell) until we remember Nick’s description of New York as a wish out of non-olfactory money. Odor then is associated with gold, and non-odor with money. The difference? Perhaps the same distinction as Daisy’s upper class world and Gatsby’s new-found wealth. While Gatsby buys a yellow car to further promote his facade, he’s really not fooling anyone. Lastly, we’ve got Daisy, who is only called the golden girl once Gatsby realizes that her voice, her main feature, is full of money. Yellow is not just the color of money, but also of destruction. Yellow is the color of the car that runs down Myrtle. The glasses of Eckleburg, looking over the wasteland of America, are yellow. This dual symbolism clearly associates money with destruction; the ash heaps are the filthy result of the decadent lifestyle led by the rich. White: Innocence and Femininity. Maybe. While we’re looking at cars, notice that Daisy’s car (back before she was married) was white. So are her clothes, the rooms of her house, and about half the adjectives used to describe her (her white neck, white girlhood, the king’s daughter high in a white palace). Everyone likes to say that white in The Great Gatsby means innocence, probably because 1) that’s easy to say and 2) everyone else is saying it. But come on – Daisy is hardly the picture of girlish innocence. At the end of the novel, she is described as selfish, careless, and destructive. Does this make the point that even the purest characters in Gatsby have been corrupted? Did Daisy start off all innocent and fall along the way, or was there no such purity to begin with? Or, in some way, does Daisy’s decision to remain with Tom allow her to keep her innocence? We’ll keep thinking about that one.  Blue: This One’s Up For Grabs Then there’s the color blue, which we think represents Gatsby’s illusions his deeply romantic dreams of unreality. We did notice that the color blue is present around Gatsby more so than any other character. His gardens are blue, his chauffeur wears blue, the water separating him from Daisy is his blue lawn, mingled with the blue smoke of brittle leaves in his yard. His transformation into Jay Gatsby is sparked by Cody, who buys him, among other things, a blue coat. Before you tie this up under one simple label, keep in mind that the eyes of T.J. Eckleburg are also blue, and so is Tom’s car. If blue represents illusions and alternatives to reality, God may be seen as a non-existent dream. As for Tom’s car†¦well, you can field that one. Grey and a General Lack of Color: Lifelessness (no surprise there) Then there is the lack of color presented in the grey ash heaps. If the ash heaps are associated with lifelessness and barrenness, and grey is associated with the ash heaps, anyone described as grey is going to be connected to barren lifelessness. Our main contender is Wilson: When anyone spoke to him he invariably laughed in an agreeable colorless way. Wilson’s face is ashen. His eyes are described as pale and glazed. It is then no coincidence that Wilson is the bearer of lifelessness, killing Gatsby among yellow leaved trees, which we already decided had something to do with destruction. Green: Life, Vitality, The Future, Exploration Last one. We’re thinking green = plants and trees and stuff, so life and springtime and other happy things. Do we see this in The Great Gatsby? The most noticeable image is that green light we seem to see over and over. You know, the green light of the orgastic future that we stretch our hands towards, etc. etc. We can definitely see green as being hopeful, as being the future, as being vitality and freshness. Right before these famous last lines, Nick also describes the fresh, green breast of the new world, the new world being this land as Nick imagines it existed hundreds of years before. The new world might be green, but when Nick imagines Gatsby’s future without Daisy, he sees a new world, material without being real, where poor ghosts, breathing dreams like air, drifted fortuitously aboutlike that ashen fantastic figure gliding toward him through the amorphous trees. Nick  struggles to define what the future really means, especially as he faces the new decade before him (the dreaded thirties). Is he driving on toward grey, ashen death through the twilight, or reaching out for a bright, fresh green future across the water?

Tomorrow When the War Began Essay Example for Free

Tomorrow When the War Began Essay GamesEntertainmentLifestyleLog in Username Password Forgot your password? Stay logged in Or Connect Sign up Tomorrow When the War Began Wiki On the Wiki Wiki Activity Random page New Photos Community Contribute Share WatchlistRandom pageRecent changes Robyn Mathers Edit Comments0 42PAGES ON THIS WIKI Robyn Mathers Gender: Female Age: 17? at time of death Martial Status: Single Religious Beliefs: Christianity Status: Dead Added by Rachelrose411 Robyn is a religious girl with integrity. She died to save her friends near the end of the third book in the series. Robyn Mathers was a girl who was very true to her religious beliefs and was moral and kind. She followed rules and was well behaved. She did not want to kill anybody in the war but after a while accepted that it was the only way to survive, showing her bravery. Near the end of the third book, (The Third Day, The Frost), Major Harvey catches his prisoners (Ellie, Robyn, Fiona, Lee, Kevin and Homer) trying to run away from his prison. He holds a gun to Robyns head and tells the others to get down or he will shoot her. However, Robyn is holding a grenade under her shirt and blows herself and Major Harvey up to save her friends. Add category Showing 0 most recent 0 comments Anonymous User Log in? Advertisement See all photos See all photos ;gt; Recent Wiki Activity Kevin Holmes edited by Rachelrose411 6 days ago Corrie McKenzie edited by Rachelrose411 6 days ago Ellie Linton edited by A Wikia contributor Robyn Mathers edited by Rachelrose411 See more ;gt; Around Wikias networkRandom Wiki AboutCommunity CentralCareersAdvertiseAPIContact WikiaTerms of UsePrivacy Policy Content is available under CC-BY-SA. Did you miss our recent webinar on main pages? Watch a recording of it now. Movie TrailersFall TV [emailprotected]

PG Pakistan

PG Pakistan Introduction to the Project:- I would like to introduce our product, I choose the product Pampers by Procter and Gamble. I analyzed the marketing environment of the company and its competitors around, on the whole the main focus will be on the marketing mix of the product which will include Product, Price, Place and Promotion analysis, Including the brief summary at the end of the project with some conclusions and recommendations. Brief History of the Company:- PG Pakistan is a subsidiary of the Procter and Gamble Corporation the leading consumer goods company with a mission to improve the lives of consumers wherever it operates. PG is an international Company reaching out to almost the entire world population with more than 250 brands in 130 countries. Many of these world brands (Ariel, Tide, Pert Plus, Pantene pro-V, Head Shoulders, Pampers and Always) have become famous household names and are found in almost every home. Headquartered in Cincinnati-Ohio in the USA, PG has local operations across the globe in more than 80 different countries, including numerous manufacturing sites and 18 RD-technical centers. PG is an internationally owned company with publicly traded shares, currently owned by over one million shareholders from around the globe. PG employs over 100,000 people from all over the world, spread evenly between 1-USA, 2-Europe/Middle East and Africa and 3-Latin America/Asia. PG hires and respects individuals regardless of rac e, color, religion, gender, age, national origin, citizenship or disability, and actively promotes diversity within its organization as well as in its business operations. Procter Gamble started its operations in Pakistan in 1991 with the goal of becoming the finest global local consumer goods company operating in Pakistan. With commitment came growth, and in 1994 we acquired a soap-manufacturing facility, a sprawling 7-acre land at Hub, Balochistan. Over the past nine years, the plant achieved state-of-art manufacturing technologies and quality assurance processes. With a recent strategic investment of 5 million dollars, the bar soap production capacity jumped three-fold. As a company Procter Gamble have always believed in the potential Pakistan has as a country and a nation to develop and excel. No wonder PG Pakistan, within the last 12 years, has reinvested over $100 million in Pakistan and has contributed close to seven billion rupees to the Pakistani governments revenues over the last 5 years in the form of sales tax, customs and excise duties. That is also why 99% of the jobs that PG Pakistan creates in Pakistan are held by Pakistanis. All this makes PG a more locally involved company than many companies actually headquartered in Pakistan P G quotes We proudly celebrate being a part of the Pakistani way of life. (Official Website Statement) Something about our Product:- Our product is Pampers and the brief history of Pampers is as follows:-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Victor Mills was an American chemical engineer who, while working for the Procter Gamble Co., revolutionized child care with the invention of the disposable diaper; he began work on that product in the 1950s, using his grandchildren as test subjects (b. 1897d. Nov. 1, 1997). (Britannica Encyclopedia) Evolution of Pampers:-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Evolution of Pampers has been carried out through its invention in 1950 to present year 2006. Today, Pampers offers a variety of customized sub-brands to address a childs growing (and going) needs. Globally Pampers is the undisputed leader with over 50 percent of the market share. Addressing an international stronghold, the home page of Pampers on web shouts out a welcome to over 20 different nations, offering versions of the site in many languages. In line with its aim to build a go-to site, Pampers.com contains a wealth of parenting know-how. The majority of said know-how is assembled courtesy of a section called the Pampers Parenting Institute (Vivian Manning, Web Article) Introduction of Pampers in Pakistan:-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In August 2000, Procter Gamble launched Pampers in Pakistan. Local consumers benefit from this globally renowned product that is approved by standards of the Human Safety Reassurance Program and also endorsed by the International Society of Pediatricians. Imported from Saudi Arabia, Pampers is packed locally and aims to provide a better parenting experience to Pakistani mothers. (Official Web Statement) Marketing Mix Analysis:- The set of all controllable tactical marketing tools, product, price, place, and promotions .that a firm blends to produce the response it wants in the target market. (Kotler, 11 Ed) Marketing mix includes:- Product Price Place Promotion We will analyze all the four categories of Marketing Mix:- First of all we would like to tell about some of the competitors of the Pampers. As Pampers is manufactured by PG in Saudi Arabia and packed in Pakistan, They hold a significant place in the market with some local Competitors Competitors:- Strong competitors:-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There is no such string Competitors of Pampers in Pakistan however some new companies recently entered the scene in last few years. Weak Competitors:- In some what weak Competitors following competitors are there:- Baby Master (Comfort plus): Baby master Comfort plus Diapers are made by Z J hygienic products private limited. LG Household Health Care:- LG recently launched its baby diapers in the brand name of Maman Premium Some Foreign Brands:- Foreign brands of Huggies, Luvs Pampers Its self are competitors to Pampers sold in Pakistan, but they are afforded by few people in the country. PRODUCT:- Name:- Pampers Parts of Product (Pampers) Core part or Benefits The core parts or benefits of pampers is it provide baby care, form the very tender age of 2 months to 4 years, Pampers is the brand which introduced the world to the concept of the disposable diaper. Actual parts   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Actual parts of Pampers are different sizes of packages which come under the age Category of the child like it ranges from 2 months to 4 years. In Small, Medium, Large sizes Augmentation   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Augmented part we can say that Pamper.com international website deals with delicate sensibilities of new parents, this area offers free expert advice through alliances with organizations and Pamper is also the innovator of Pampers Baby care Mobile Clinic, which is a door to door activity that educates Mothers about the key benefits of Pampers and on Baby care tips. Packaging Pampers packaging is done in Pakistan, and the company has introduced many packs for different segments of the markets depending upon the babys age group and weight. Small Pack with 9 baby diapers age ranging from 2 months to 8 months. Medium Pack includes 8 baby diapers age ranging from 10 to 28 months. Large Pack includes 7 baby diapers age ranging from 29 to 40 months Value Packs (Large Packs including 16-20 Diapers in all sizes.) Product Segmentation:- The Company is targeting the common house hold of the country with the firm belief that the company provides the baby care products to its very best. The awareness program is being created by making many health issues seminars and mobile baby care services which guides the mothers to take better care of their new born. Market is very much open for all the competitors, the competitors are competing in the better product survival environment. PLACE:- Distribution (Intermediaries) Channel:- Company uses these levels of Distribution of Pampers:- Distributor:- There is one large distributor in the city (Lahore) .The distribution of the P G products in Lahore city is done by IBL Private limited. Small Distributors:- The Pampers is distributed to the retailers by some small distributors which are defined and are divided on the base of geographical area of the city. Availability:-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Pampers are very widely distributed through the group of both the main supplier in the city and small distributors, it is widely available at most retail shops in suburb, towns and pharmacies. Justification:-   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The availability of the Pampers in the market is due to the knowledge of the people towards baby care, and pampers really innovates the culture of baby hygiene and care products, this is the main reason of its wide availability in the market. People are more conscious towards the baby health issues and pamper is one of the core product in that regard. PRICE:- Internal Factors Internal factors affecting pricing of Pampers are: Goal and Objectives Companys goals and objectives are to maintain the market share of Pampers and to survive in the market. So company shifts its prices to increase sales and maintain its market position. Cost Aspects Actual Cost:- Cost of production i.e. Cost includes its raw cost of importing from Saudi Arabia and its Packing in Pakistan. Costs involve in transportation of Pampers and its promotional Advertisements. Organizational Consideration The decisions regarding the price of Pampers is undertaken by the mutual consent of PG (Brand Director), Pampers Marketing Managers, Pampers Brand managers and Companies activation manager. The up and down in the price of the Pampers is due to there Competitors price strategy. External Factors Market and Demand Pampers has a stiff competition now a days due to two competitors competing along with Pampers ,In Winter season the demand for the baby diapers Increases so the company follows the promotional price strategy. Competitors Pricing Strategy Competitors price strategy also affects the price and promotional strategy of the Company, but Pampers holds quite good share in the market so Competitors may have the effect on the pricing strategy but t normal extent. Prices Adjustments Techniques Discount Techniques Pampers follows different discounts techniques for the distributors, retailers and consumers. The details are as follows. Distributors PG offer 6% discount to their distributors on Pampers. Retailers Pampers offer Rs. 8 to 10 to the retailers on each Pack offering them the pack for 90 to 92 Rs. Consumers Consumer Price for the Normal Pack in all sizes is Rs 100 and Value Pack is Rs 169 Price Comparison of Pampers with other brands Brands Quantity (No Of Diapers) R.P S.T Consumer Price (Rs) Pampers Normal Pack 7-9 86.9012.10100 Small Size 9 86.9012.10100 Medium Size 8 86.9012.10100 Large Size 7 86.9012.10100 Value Pack(All sizes) 14-18 144.2324.77169 Baby Master Normal Pack 7-9 82 10.1394 Small Size 9 82 10.1394 Medium Size 8 82 10.13 94 Large Size 7 82 10.13 94 LG Maman Diapers Normal Pack 7-9 82 10.1394 Small Size 9 82 10.1394 Medium Size 8 82 10.13 94 Large Size 7 82 10.13 94 Promotion Promotion Mix Advertising:- P G uses extensive promotional tools to promote it product Pampers. The Advertising phenomenon which is used for pampers promotional campaign is Educational Promotion, which means that the advertisements on the media is purposely educative which define the mother child relation ship with the use of Pampers .Most of the adds used in the media educate mothers of how to be better in baby care and to benefit the use of pampers for the toddlers. Objectives of Advertising:- Pampers advertises on television all year round delivering the central message of a nights sleep being essential for a childs growth and development , and the only way to ensure a good nights sleep is to keep the baby dry. Pamper is also the innovator of Pampers Baby care Mobile Clinic, which is a door to door activity that educates Mothers about the key benefits of Pampers and on Baby care tips. Public Relations:- Pampers forms a healthy relationship environment between mothers pampers and child, by building a complete figure of baby care phenomenon. Like recently A product upgrade on Pampers, was announced at a press conference in Karachi .The event also celebrated Pampers successful collaboration with the Pakistan Pediatric Association in delivering child welfare education to the Pakistani mothers. (Press Release Source) Sales Promotion:- Pampers has always offered sales promotions for its customers by introducing the Value Packs from time to time, also offers discounts on its Value packs to strengthen its Sales Promotions. Selection of Media:- Pampers have used all types of media sources available in the country like Television, Radio, Bill boards, poster adds. Marketing Mix Analysis:- Recommendations and Conclusions:- The product mix for Pampers is broad and it contains a deep line. The special feature of Pampers is the new diaper core design including a new dual acquisition system which helps to improve the condition of babys skin through a better dryness performance. The Pampers core takes in urine from the diaper surface after loading. Fast acquisition minimizes babys contact time with the skin. A homogeneous blend of cellulose and a very absorbent material result in efficient distribution of the GM. The storage technology locks the urine away so that it cannot return to the babys skin. Leg elastics, barrier leg cuffs and the waist shield are added to provide greater leakage prevention. The fastening strips allow the diaper to be refastened over and over again. Balsam lotion on the top-sheet provides comfort and moisturizing to babys skin, each time he moves. Furthermore, labeling is also important to Pampers. Every label clearly shows the Pamper logo on its package. Labeling is also used as a way to educate consumers. For example, Pampers had a public campaign educating parents of the importance of placing their baby on their back to sleep to help prevent Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (Back to sleep). The Back to Sleep message was printed on the back of all packages on diapers in order to educate and inform consumers of this serious matter. Pricing:- Pampers is a premium product that has a substitutes available in Pakistan; such as Baby Care, LG Maman Diapers, private and generic brands, Cloth Diapers. Pricing is done so that Pampers is economically affordable by all households. In addition, they use psychological pricing; all of their products prices end with a nine . This makes the consumer feel they are receiving a good value for their money. Pricing is also elastic; consumers may buy a different product if the price of that product is better. This is one reason why Pampers uses competition-based pricing when determining what the price for their products will be. Pampers major competitor is prices for the diapers are basically the same. This helps to maintain their portion of the market share. However, Pampers diaper wipe line costs a little more than Baby Care, LG Maman Diapers which gives Pampers the advantage of focusing on the quality of their diaper wipe line. Distribution for Pampers is intensive, allowing them to reach their target markets; thus staying competitive with their competitors. Pampers can be found in most grocery, convenience, drugstores, and retail stores.. Since Pampers products are convenience products distributing their products in many stores helps Pampers to remain competitive, maintain their market share, and gain a portion of the market as well . As market share of Pampers in Pakistan is 75 % (official website source) The promotional mix of Pampers contains a variety of elements through non personal selling. These elements include advertising, product placement, sales promotions, and public relations. All these methods of promotion are consistent with Pampers message. Advertising is done in magazines that pertain mostly to parenting, TV commercials, and billboards. Recently Pampers decided to cut back on their TV commercial air time and concentrate more of their advertising using product placement (Flint, 2005) Sales promotions are done on a continuous basis with Pampers. These types of promotions most normally include coupons, displays, rewards, and samples. Furthermore, they utilize direct marketing to some extent by brochures, and pamphlets that educate parents about their childs development stage while promoting and informing consumers about their products. PG in Pakistan, produces bar soaps and repacks bulk shampoos into sachets and bulk Pampers into smaller Pampers packs Pampers uses public relations throughout its entire global market. They make donations to many causes and are associated with many prominent organizations in Pakistan. Like They Step up to provide services to Earth Quake Hit areas last year in Pakistan. They have an global website for parents and healthcare professionals that help educate them on many aspects of babies and toddlers. Pampers has been successful in developing a well integrated communications strategy. Their message is consistent and they have coordinated their promotions to ensure that the consumers are well informed about their products. By educating parents about the developmental stages from newborn to toddler, Pampers has been able to successfully promote it products at the same time. Indicated Action/Recommended Changes:- Even though Pampers has a well built strategy in place, there is always room for improvement. Two areas where improvements could be implemented are in extending their product line and developing new promotional strategies. Their product line could be extended to include bath products such as baby soap and shampoo for the baby. This would be good in educating parents the importance of teaching cleanliness to their babies. Some what high prices of Pampers could not extensively attract the low income people in Pakistan, We recommend that Pampers could introduce the Value pack of 5 Diapers for 50 Rs, to attract the most part of population, The cost may be very large initially, but we think that this change will work wonder in long run for the Pampers ever bright future in Pakistan, People with low income use to buy open pamper pack , like one or two piece at a time, and retailers benefit this opportunity by charging high prices it could be made publicly beneficial by introducing small packs containing 2 -3 diapers. Lastly, Pampers could promote their product a little more vigorously. For example, to gain new customers and keep loyal customer they could place a coupon for diapers on their package or inside the package of diapers. This could help increase sales since fewer customers would want to switch to another brand that has a better price. Even though they do have the rewards program for purchasing Pampers, not all customers get to reap these benefits due to lack of internet or just not being aware of the program. Coupons would give all the fair chance of being rewarded by saving money when they purchase their products

Chapter Account Manager :: essays research papers

Ankit Fadia, 19 years old, is an independent computer security and digital intelligence consultant with definitive experience in the field of Internet security. He has authored seven internationally best-selling books on numerous topics related to Computer Security that have been widely appreciated by both professionals and industry leaders the world over. His books have sold a record 120,000 copies across the globe, have been translated into Korean, Portuguese and Polish and are also being used as reference textbooks in some of the most prestigious academic institutions in Asia and North America. Fadia is also a widely recognized computer security guru and Cyber terrorism expert. Fadia is however, more well known for his significant work in the field of digital intelligence, security consultancy and training. In November 2001, Fadia was consulted by a classified intelligence agency for breaking an encrypted message sent by one of Osama Bin Laden’s men. Since then Fadia has been involved in numerous classified projects pertaining to International Security and Computer Networks. He handles the Asia Operations of the classified intelligence agency.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Widely traveled, Fadia provides customized cyber security training and consulting solutions to clients all across Asia, Australia, North America and the Middle East. He has also conducted more than a 120 different training sessions on various topics related to cyber security to an audience comprising of CEOs, CIOs, top level management, entrepreneurs, technical specialists, defense personnel and students. With a strong belief in the integration of security and education, Fadia closely works with the School of Information Systems at Singapore Management University and the Management Institute of Malaysia and advises them on the design and structure of the course material of their computer security courses. Widely celebrated in international media publications, Fadia is also regularly invited by BBC Radio World News, London to share the latest updates on virus outbreaks, loopholes and cyber crime trends. For his outstanding contributions in the field of computer security globally, Fadia has been honoured with numerous awards namely: Person of The Year 2002, Limca Book of Records, Hall of Fame Award, Outstanding Young Achiever’s Award, Silicon India Person of the Week, Embassy State Award, Best Speaker Award (4 occasions), Student of the Year 2002-03 and many more. Many industry leaders like Mr. Ganesh Ayyar (Vice President, Hewlett Packard SE Asia, Singapore), Mr. Kiran Karnik (President, NASSCOM), Mr. Azim Premji (Chairman, Wipro Corporation), Mr. Phiroze Vandrewala (Chairman, Tata Consultancy Services) and research pioneers like Dr.

Using Resources Wisely Essay -- Environment Inconvenient Truth Agricult

In my English 130 class we watched the movie Inconvenient Truth and, for the first time, I saw the growing industrialization of China. After seeing China’s growing wasteful consumption of resources, I was reminded of a discussion that took place in my Anthropology 113 class last semester. In this discussion, my professor brought to light how our production of food is just as disturbing as our consumption of it. He presented a video that showed how the industrialization of certain areas led the farmers to abandon their tradition agricultural system and replace it with mass food production. This â€Å"small† change ended up having a huge negative impact on their society. Previous to change in their farming techniques, the farming system allowed for more social interaction between the generations and gave them enough food to feed themselves with still plenty left to generate in income. After the push for mass production, this system was destroyed, leaving the town wit h problems they had no precedent for. These events show how a change in production of goods (especially crops) can have disastrous effects on people and their environment. For my research I set my heart on further exploring this relationship between human’s participation in agriculture and its affects on the environment. Hence, I began my research trying to figure out what it is that people are doing to leave the world with fewer agriculturally usable lands. After reading a hand full of books, I found myself with even more unanswered questions and lots of contradictory information. Some books, like One with Nineveh: Politics, Consumption, and the Human Future, say that the unbelievable growth in population and the population’s consumption is at fault rather tha... ...in, Jon. â€Å"2.6 OBSTACLES TO BETTER LAND MANAGEMENT.† Better LandHusbandry: From Soil Conservation to Holistic Land Management. Enfield: SCIENCE PUBLISHERS, 2006. 62-72. Laegreid, Marit O.C. Bà ¸ckman and O. Kaarstad. â€Å"4.3 Soil degradation.† Agriculture, Fertilizers and the Environment. New York: CABI Publishing, 1999. 104-113. Lappà ¨, Frances M. â€Å"Diet for a Small Planet† Composing a Civic Life: A Rhetoric and Readings for Inquiry and Action. New York: Pearson Education, Inc.,2007. McMichael, Anthony J. â€Å"Introduction: techniques and issues† Planetary Overload: Global Environmental Change and the Health of the Human species. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press, 1993. 212-214. Raman, Saroja. â€Å"Ch 7: Land Management for Sustainable Agriculture† Agricultural Sustainability: Principles, Processes, and Prospects. New York: The Haworth Press, Inc. 2006. 93-140.

Kass and Genetic Technology :: essays research papers

Unregulated Genetic Technology Threatens to Dehumanize Society When James Watson and Francis Crick discovered the structure of DNA in 1959, they could not have known that their discovery would one day lead to the possibility of a human factory that is equipped with the capabilities to mass produce perfectly designed, immortal human beings on a laboratory assembly line. Of course, this human factory is not yet possible; genetic technology is still in its infancy, and scientists are forced to spend their days unlocking the secret of human genetics in hopes of uncovering cures for diseases, alleviating suffering, and prolonging life. In the midst of their noble work, scientists still dream of a world—a utopia—inhabited by flawless individuals who have forgotten death and never known suffering. What would become of society if such a utopia existed? How will human life be altered? Leon Kass, in Life, Liberty and the Defense of Dignity: The Challenge for Bioethics, acknowledges genetics technology’s greatness, and applauds it for its invaluable, benevolent contributions to mankind. However, Kass argues that if left to their devises and ambitions, geneticists—with the power of their technology—will steal away society’s most precious asset; genetic technology will rob society of its humanity. Genetic technology can, and will, achieve great things, but unless it is regulated and controlled, the losses will be catastrophic and the costs will far exceed the benefits. The age of genetic technology has arrived. Thanks to genetic technological advancements, medical practitioners, with the help of genetic profiling, will be able to better diagnose patients and design individual tailored treatments; doctors will be able to discern which medications and treatments will be most beneficial and produce the fewest adverse side effects. Rationally designed vaccines have been created to provide optimal protection against infections. Food scientists have hopes of genetically altering crops to increase food production, and therefore mitigate global hunger. Law enforcement officers find that their job is made easier through the advancement of forensics; forensics is yet another contribution of genetic technology. Doctors have the ability to identify â€Å"high-risk† babies before they are born, which enables them to be better prepared in the delivery room. Additionally, oncologists are able to improve survival rates of cancer patients by administering ge netically engineered changes in malignant tumors; these changes result in an increased immune response by the individual. With more than fifty years of research, and billions of dollars, scientists have uncovered methods to improve and prolong human life and the possibilities offered by gene therapy and genetic technology are increasing daily.

Importance of Motivation in Rention Essay

Employees are the most important factor in the success and failure of any organization. In service industry, employees are in direct contact with the customer, hence they should be motivated. Firstly, this paper focuses on importance of employee motivation on Staff retention, by studying the concepts of staff retention, employee turnover and employee motivation. Further discussing about the major motivational theories, followed by the factors which help to increase motivation and backed up with some latest examples. Secondly, it takes a case study of Heathrow Windsor Marriott, a leading 4 star Airport Hotel, it reflects my observations about the good and bad practises followed by the management of hotel. And at the end, this paper tries to give some recommendations for future practice. 1. Introduction Managing Human Resource has become an inescapable and prominent approach to the management in service industries (Watson 2003).In simple terms, Human means labour/employee, Resource points out employees are valued assets and Management refers to managing personnel of an organization. The objective of Human resources is short term and it mainly focuses on employee relations. However, due to globalization, this approach was fruitless, hence its focus adopted the aspect of strategy. Strategic Human Resource Management means combing Human resources with strategic goals and objectives to improve and develop organization (Regis 2008). According to Banfield and Kay (2012), Human resource management is the ‘glue’ which ensures business success through consistent practises and adapting local conditions. In an organization, employees are the primal force, whose never ending efforts converts the organization’s decision into action with the aim of achieving common goal. Hence, employees should be motivated (Hossain and Hossain 2012). The fast changing competitive business environment has presented challenges for Human Resource professionals for adopting new methods of production and organizing of work. This situation has accelerated the rate of employee turnover. Employee resourcing, employee development, employee relations, productivity are the emerging issues faced by management (Banfield and Kay 2012).The problem of Employee Motivation has become inseparable from Human Resource Management because, employees acts as a major source of organization. This paper is divided into two major parts, literature and reflection. The aim of this paper is on how employee motivation contributes to staff retention. The first part on literature covers topics like Staff retention, turnover & motivation and demonstrate a relationship between employee motivation and staff retention. The second part reflects the practises carried out Heathrow Windsor Marriott Hotel, followed by recommendations for future. 2. Staff Retention Staff retention refers to the techniques employed by the management to help the employees stay with the organization for a longer period of time (Management Study Guide 2013). Every organization puts efforts to transform a raw material to corporate ready material by giving necessary trainings at regular interval to achieve the common goal. Job satisfaction is a vital component of staff retention which can be achieved by making the employee feel comfortable physically and psychologically. Staff retention is crucial for many reasons such as, longer time spent by the employees have an opportunity to perform better, it increases their loyalty towards organization, on the other hand, recruiting the right candidate for the right position is not easy, when an employee leaves an organization, he may join competitors and may share some confidential information. When a trained employee leaves their job, the organization is at a complete loss, as a loyal, efficient and stable staff is one of the keys to competitive success (Taylor and Walsh 2005). This loss of staff has to be replaced which is termed as Employee turnover. This is one of the greatest challenges faced by management. Retention is not only important to reduce the turnover costs but to retain talented employees. According to Ramlall (2004), when every 10 managerial level employee leaves an organization, a company experiences approximately loss of $ 1 million. 2.1. Employee Turnover Rotation of workers around the labour market between the status of employment and unemployment is called as Employee turnover (Abassi and Hollman 2000). Labour turnover has become a critical problem for service industries as it depends on human factor. Employees do not leave the organization without any significant reason. Taris et al. (2004), divided two motives for turnover i.e. the push and pull factors. The pull factors include inequity in compensation, availability of opportunities for future development over the external market and the employees who would resign to go into private business. The push factors have relationship with the dissatisfaction of work situation, lack of democratic managerial pattern and job stress. On the other hand, Griffieth (2000), viewed remuneration and remuneration related variables have intense effect on turnover. Griffieth demonstrated a relationship between remuneration, employee’s performance and turnover and concluded that when an employee performs extremely well expects a high pay and when they are paid low they quit. There are various costs associated with turnover, according to Society for Human Resource Management, it costs 30-50% of the annual salary of entry level employees, 150% of middle level employees and up to 400% costs of the high level employees (Blake 2004). The various costs includes, exist costs, recruiting, interviewing, hiring, orientation, benefits while training, lost productivity, administrative costs, customer dissatisfaction etc (Susan 2011). Considering the case of Oberoi Hotels. The Oberoi group is one of Asia’s leading multinational companies, the Oberoi hotel named Windsor Hotel in Melbourne, had witnessed an average annual employee turnover rate of approximately 40 percent. The Human resource professionals were under pressure due to increasing costs, hence they decided to an employee attitude survey for three consecutive years and analysed the issues faced by the staff. The most common reasons for attrition were job profile and personal profile does not match, least growth opportunities, lack of appreciation, lack of trust, lack of co-ordination between the colleagues, stress from work, imbalance between personal and professional life. The Hotel executive group and the managers improved the retention programmes and motivated their employees by engagement which helped them to reduce their turnover rate to 20 per cent (Watson et al. 2002). Hence it can be said that, employee turnover can be controlled by proper employee motivation which would help the companies to reduce costs associated with turnover. 3. Employee Motivation According to Butkus and Green, ‘motivation is derived from the word ‘motivate’ which means to move, push or influence to proceed for fulfilling a want’ (Kamalian et al. 2010). One of the important functions of management is to create willingness among the employees to perform. Motivation can be termed as a process in which a person stimulates an individual to full fill some want or expectation (Mullins 2007). Motivation is complex because of human behaviour as it changes from an individual to individual, resulting different motives for motivation (Kressler 2003). Employee motivation influences productivity, because company’s performance depends on employee performance. Hence it is very important for managers to realize what propels employees to reach the peak performance. Through employee motivation, the employer can encourage the employees by enhancing their skills and by improving their morale. Motivation is important for both individual and business. In case of individual, motivation helps to achieve personal goals, job satisfaction, self development and in case of business, motivation helps to achieve the organizational goals, to build a friendly relationship and the most important it bring stability in workforce. Overall, it cans help to achieve competitive advantage in competition by retaining talented employees (Hiltrop 1996). 3.1. Motivation Theories Motivation theories are based upon the understanding of employees and work. There are two main approaches to motivation theories, i.e. Content Theory and Process Theory. Content Theories of motivation explains what causes individuals to act in a definite way based on the general agreement that all human beings have needs, which engage them to satisfy these needs lead to motivation. Process Theories of motivation explains on how employee’s needs influence their own behaviour (Hossain and Hossain 2012). 3.1.1. Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs In 1943, Abraham Maslow presented need based theory. His theory was based upon the assumption of hierarchy of needs. He categoriesed needs into five types, i.e. Physiological needs ( basic needs of life, example, air water, food etc.), Safety needs (physical and environmental safety), Social needs (need for love, affection), Esteem needs (needs for self-respect or recognition and Self-actualization (based on grwoth and self-contentment). Maslow assumed that motivation decreases as one level of need is met and motivation increases as another need comes in. He potraid that lower level of needs should met before the higher level needs. Maslow felt that if these needs were not met then a person would fail to develop into a heathly individual (Hellreigel 2004). Implications by Britannic Assurance Britannic Assurance is a financial services company, facing issues of employee motivation and retention. Hence, their management adopted the Maslow’s theory to overcome their issue. The management motivated their employees by considering each level of needs: Physiological Needs – Management gave their employees suitable salary, in odrer to meet the basic needs of life and at workplace they gave proper meal breaks, so that phsciological needs are meet. Safety Needs – Management provided clean and hygienic workplace, safety, job security and beniftis program with a purpose of retention. Social Needs – Management supported their employees by encouraing team work, and developing a friendly relationship. Esteem Needs – In order to acheive esteem needs, management put extra efforts by rewarding and recognizing employees at every level. Self-Actualization Needs – Management gave their employees challenging jobs so that they can use and develo their knowledge and skills, and grow big, by benefiting the company (The Time 100 Business Case Studies, 2013). Criticisms According to Lazarus (1971), the hieraracy suggested by Maslow not valid if cross-cultural differences are taken into consideration. McLeod (2012) said, it is difficult to predcit when a need will arise, as ther is no relationship between needs and behaviour and different individual may be pushed by differnet needs at same time. He also states that maslow’s theory lacks empirical support. While Rilley (2012) came with a view that this model aviod the usual behaviour of employees who tolerate low wages for future benefits and mentioned that maslow research was based on middle class workers in UK and USA. Inspite of having some critics, Maslow’s thinking remains inflential to management deliberations in respect of job design, pay and reward structres and helps to motivate employees and retain them (Huczynski and Buchanan 2001). 3.1.2. Expectancy Theory Victor Vroom in 1964, came up with expectancy theory which was based upon Valence, Instrumentality and Expectancy. The Individual perfrence for a precise end result is termed as Valence (V), Instrumentality (I), is the anticipation of good performance will lead to valued benfit and Expectancy (E), is the anticipation of effort will lead to good performance. The Force (F) or want of your motivation to take action will result the product of three variables through multiplication. If any one of the variable is zero the final product will be zero, as it is co-related (Fudge and Schlacter 1999). F = Vx I x E In orther words, Efforts, Performance and Rewards have a direct relationship. Vroom said that employee’s deliberately decide whether to perform or not, their decision is entirely depended on level of motivation. This theory expalins individual differences in motivation and behaviour, it measures the force of the motivation to behave, it assumes that behaviour is rational and emphasis on rewards and pay offs (Sanders and Pritchard 1973). Implications by Management The management should try to link effort, performance and rewards through their support. Suport in terms of adequate trainings, availability of resources and clear rewards to have desired motivational effect (Fudge and Schlacter 1999). Clear rewards should have value in the eyes of emloyees so that they can be influenced. Performance standards should be clearly instructed. Finally, the motivation level should be continousuly assessed which results can inidicate problems and changes required. This will help to retain employees (Virgil et al. 2008) Criticisms The application of this theory is limited as reward is not direclty related to performance, it has ignored the parameters such as education, position etc. It concentrated majorly on financial rewards and ignore other intrinsic and extrinsic rewards. According to Latham (2007), it also lacked the principle of equality with relation to rewards. This theory predicts the choice of efffort, it does not give specific meaning of efforts, it also lacks to specify the outcomes relevent to a particular individual (Management Study Guide 2013). 3.2. Types of Motivation There are two types of Motivation, developed by Herzberg, i.e. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Motivation. The factors which are intrinsic to the job such as recognition, work itself, growth is called as Intrinsic Motivation and the factors which are extrinsic to the job such as pay, company policy, security etc. are called as Extrinsic Motivation (Armstrong 2007). Intrinsic factors create satisfaction and extrinsic factors do not create satisfaction but if preventive action is not taken then it may lead to dissatisfaction(Ryan and Deci 2000). Intrinsic factors are likely to have deeper and long term effect while extrinsic factors are likely to have immediate and powerful effect but it won’t last long. Both Intrinsic and Extrinsic factors concentrate more on satisfaction and not on productivity (ibid). 3.3. Motivation Factors All employees are motivated when their needs or desire are satisfied, these needs vary from person to person, situation, experiences, etc. These factors affects the motivation level in employees. Let us understand the practical implications of various factors: 3.3.1. Motivation through Rewards Employees who work hard to achieve the business goals, expect to receive rewards for their contribution. According to Perry (2009), rewards play a crucial role in motivating employees to work harder. He categorised rewards into two types: Extrinsic and Intrinsic. Extrinsic rewards are provided by the organisation group such as money, benefits, promotions etc. while Intrinsic rewards come from individual such as self-esteem, personal development and feeling of competency. The most critical thing for this approach that rewards must be equal, it should be partial (ibid). Let us take a case study of Royal Bank of Scotland, The employees at RBS are not only motivated through money but also through Total reward benefits. Total reward benefits includes not just money, but it includes motivational motives such as personal choice in working hours, security, health and benefits package, shopping vouchers personal loans at special price etc., This kind of extra benefits will help a company to retain an employee (The Time 100 Business Case Studies 2013). 3.3.2. Motivation through Job Deign When a potential employee looks for job, he has basic two attractions, i.e. money and feeling of pursuing a challenging and interesting job. Job Design is an internal approach of motivating employees. There are two ways in which a manager motivates its employees i.e. fitting people to jobs and fitting jobs to people (Hackman and Oldham 1975). Considering the first aspect of fitting people to jobs, managers can strengthen motivation by Job Rotation, Job Rotation helps to bring a change in daily routine, it helps to increase the area of expertise at work by moving from one specialization to another, this would not only lead to personal development but also will develop a team with wide range of skills (Perry 2009). Considering the second aspect of fitting jobs to people, managers can energise motivation by Job Enlargement and Job Enrichment. Job Enlargement is a process in which an employees are indulged with more challenging task, this will reduce the humdrum of work and increase the skills of employees. However, Job Enlargement has one criticism, if an employee is working on two or more challenging tasks and paid for only one task, then there will be a barrier of not being paid well (Saleem et al. 2012). Job Enrichment is a process in which an employees is given more control over the work by giving more authority and responsibility, which would increase the productivity. However, this was also criticised with a point of that an employee should possess certain skill in order to perform at high level, if the employee lacks necessary skill, then it would decrease productivity (Janson et al. 1975) 3.3.3. Motivation through Work Environment Work environment nearly cause 27% of job satisfaction (Tyilana 2005), Management should create a type of work environment in which the employees are respected and treated equally. Management should provide job security and proper logistic support and create a friendly environment. If any one of them is lacking, then the motivation level would not stand still. However, Lin (2007) said that good working conditions can determine employees performance and productivity but cannot motivate them directly. Considering case of An Enterprise Rent-A- Car, management accented on creating an affirmative work environment. In which they concentrated on six points, i.e. good relationship between all the employees, follow clear communication so that each individual can understand and act as per their role, provision of adequate resources to perform the necessary tasks, encourage employees to get things right, if any frustration is experienced then acknowledged and try to keep their focus on achieving goals and last but not the least, try to recognise the effort of individual and reward the good performance. Along with the points discussed above Enterprise Rent-A-Car used Herzberg theory of motivation to motivate and retain their employees (The Time 100 Business Case Studies 2013). 3.3.4. Motivation through Training and Development Training and Development is one of the most effectual factor of motivation (Lai 2009). Training can be termed as a process in which an individual get a chance to develop their knowledge, qualities, skills and personality (Khan 2012). Training and development helps to increase morale of employees, better interpersonal relationships, better position to adapt changes and finally improved productivity and efficiency (Seward 2011). As rightly said by Marcus Tait, the Director of Human Resources of IHG Australia, training and nurturing talent shares an equal weight age along operational performance, guest experience and corporate responsibility. He trained his employees to be multi-focused, empathetic and preventive of guest needs (Eime). Whenever, an employee is recruited, he should empowered with all kinds of basic training, his performance has to be measured and accordingly he should be trained by considering his skills and ability. Concentrating Training at McDonald’s Restaurant Limited, The success of McDonald’s business is high standards of quality and service delivered to customers, Well-trained staff and line managers are the first step towards achieving these standards. Welcome Meeting, was the first step taken by the company to inform the standards and expectations, followed by structured development programme which provides training in all areas of business. McDonald’s concentrated on floor based training and expected that their employee would perform any task with relation to operations. After the practical training, McDonald’s used to do classroom-based training where they can concentrate on quality, service and cleanliness. After this training, employees are marked as per the check list and if they qualify then they can get promotion by clearing an entrance exam. In this way McDonald’s used to train their staff (The Time 100 Business Case Studies 2013).