Nursing Students Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing Students - Essay Example The title could do a little revision though to make it appear scholarly. In its abstract, it has identified a total sample population of n=197 whereby only 6% creates the sample size. The sample is too small to reflect the subject population thereby the confidence level is heighten too actively. The chances of error are so remote here. But it has been noted that in determining a sample size for a given level of accuracy, the worst case of 50% should be used. Type of sampling employed and how the respondents were selected among the school's total population of 424 undergraduate students was derived. Such information vital to the methods used in the analysis of data was not identified in the abstract nor in its methodology. Kidder relates that, "a critical portion of a research study is the portion on the instruments used to gather data". Validity of the conclusion derived out of the statistical instruments depends greatly on its characteristics. Therefore the questionnaire used as the main tool in this research should be attached in the bibliography subject to further studies and referencing. Reliability which refers to the extent of an instrument's consistency should be able to elicit the same response when applied to respondents. Since such document is not identified nor presented in this article, its validity and reliability cannot be substantiated and investigated. Over-all evaluation of the instrument cannot be conducted at this moment. The quantitative results of data gathered does not clearly correlate with the problem encountered and stated in the sense that it has focused on the end result of treatment intervention as its instrumentation rather than on the smoking patterns and behavior itself and the possible effects of implementing a certain kind of treatment intervention. Works Cited Kidder, Louise H.1981). "Research Methods in Social Relations.". New York: Hold, Rinehart and Winston. Works Cited Marx,Karl. "Capitalism and Alienation" 2004.Faculty.fostburg. edu. 07 Mar,

Analysis Of Constructed Stereotypes In Skin English Literature Essay

Analysis Of Constructed Stereotypes In Skin English Literature Essay Having done extensive research on the biography of the author, Naomi Iizuka, one can conclude that the availability of written scholarly documentation about her life and work is sparse. The author is a recent voice in the world of the American playwright; she attained her MFA degree in Playwriting in 1992, at the age of 27.  [1]  Naomi Iizukas family background sheds an interesting light on the politics of a multi cultural society, which is accordingly represented in SKIN. Her mother is an American of Spanish descent and Naomis father a Japanese banker. She studied Classics and Literature at Yale University and she received her MFA degree from the University of California San Diego. Naomi Iizuka is part of the legacy of American writers of the 1990s who are primarily looking to write on experiences of a multi-ethnic, poly-sexual, multi-class and intergenerational society (Krasner 2005, p. 549). According to Berson, Naomi Iizuka is fascinated by the subterranean worlds of renegades like the homeless kids in Polaroid Stories or by outcasts like Jones in SKIN or by vagabond characters in Tattoo Girl (Berson 1998, p.1). Theatre needs to surprises her, such as plays that are not strictly realistic and filled with mythical elements that allow to reappraise the relationship with reality. Naomis writing style in the Berson article is described as one that matches a furious emotional intense with a floating lyricism, vivid grunginess and acerbic humor(Berson 1998, p.1). Iizuka found her inspiration for SKIN in the surrounding of San Diego at the end of the twentieth century. The environment offers a mix of a desert town, a Navy town and a border town (Chambers 2002, p. 55). The play focuses on two protagonist characters, Jones and Mary. Jones is a young man who works in a factory and Mary is Joness disloyal lover and the mother of their child. They desperately attempt to make sense of and try to transcend the suffocating environment in which they live. The constant opposition between the isolation of Mary and Jones and the crowded suburban sprawl, reflect a tragic setting. Being confronted with their limited opportunities and the inhibiting effects urban life and poverty, Jones and Mary find refuge in drugs, alcohol, violence and sex. Through different scenes the hopeless situation is vividly described. The play is very strong in transferring an unspoken, not explicit but overwhelming sense that the inhabitants of the town are surrounded and controlled. They feel oppressed, living in a totalitarian social system which exerts silencing, control and alienation. SKIN is a tragic play and ends with Jones stabbing Mary to death. SKIN focuses to a large extent on the figure of Jones who is suffering as an individual in this totalitarian society. Since Jones is of mixed descent it is possible to analyze the play based on collective racial stereotypes. Borderlands and Stereotypes When reading the play SKIN, the reader is bound by the existing stereotypes related to race, ethnicity and gender. The aim of this paper is to analyze the stereotypes which correlate with white American authority, with people from Chicano ethnical background and with troublesome interracial relations. Although the play makes no clear indications of location, there are several indications that the scene is geographically set near the U.S. Mexican border. Gloria Anzaldà ºa describes in her book Borderlands, La Frontera the notion of a borderland as a vague and undetermined place where los atravesados like, among other denominations, the mongrel, the mulato or the half-breed live (Anzaldà ºa 2007, p. 25). SKIN is a contemporary play which portrays the concept of white superiority using the stereotype, the collective image, of American political and cultural domination in a crowded suburban environment. The white American ruler is presented though the presence of Police enforcers and military Navy men and they comply with the image of the oppressor, specifically oppressing Jones. Anzaldà ºa describes how the Border Patrol hide behind buildings, like a local McDonalds, and act like hunters with powerful night vision devices (Anzaldà ºa 2007 p.33-34). This is reflected in the second scene of the play SKIN, where the Police are described as sly and invisible in their black and white machine (Iizuka 2000, p. 164). Jones is the main protagonist in the narrative, and he is most probably a half-breed. He does not have a Latino name, his full name is Sean Jones and he has a Social Security number which makes him legal U.S. resident (Iizuka 2000, p. 165). Jones most likely has a white American mother; he refers to her death in scene twenty eight when she died [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] she looked like a white, plastic doll. (Iizuka 2000, p. 194) Since Jones is of mixed race he is confronted with an internal strife of multiple personalities, making him insecure an indecisive (Anzaldà ºa 2007, p.99-100). He is not part of the dominant white American culture and he does not fully belong to the Latino society. Jones difficult position can be proved by different scenes. He is, in multiple scenes, harassed by the Police, treated aggressively by the Navy men and he is explicitly subdued in his relation with the Manager. Angel however, does not accept Jones as a full Latino member. In scene 28 Angel is very explicit, he shouts to Jones man, shut up. you dont know me [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] you dont see me every day. you dont know how I live my life so shut the fuck up. (Iizuka 2000, p. 194). SKIN introduces stereotypes that can be linked to the theory of the Mexican philosopher Josà © Vasconcelos. His philosophy in opposition to the racial purity policy that white America practices, his theory is about inclusivity, a mixture of races (Anzaldà ºa 2007, p. 99). This is hinted in the person of Marys girl. Whereas in every adult scene there is a fierce metaphorical use of the opposition between black and white, where black is mostly related to silence, closing of the eyes, the vastness and invisibility of the desert at night and very important the colors used to describe the Police car. It is Marys girl who is able to project a multi-color world. A good example is available in scene fourteen when Marys girl speaks: when I close my eyes, I see red and purple an orange and yellow and blue. I see so many colors moving and sparkly like lights at night. (Iizuka 2000, p. 183). Iizuka uses many images to highlight that the individual is controlled, isolated and alienated from the social environment. Although Jones and Mary are legal U.S. residents, they are not portrayed as legitimate inhabitants. They are constantly being controlled by an authority like the Police or the Navy. Whenever the Police are introduced into the scenes they are represented as if they were constantly nearby and waiting. Scene nineteen provides a good illustration: and then the Police slide out of the dark like they have been forever there, invisible, waiting for a sign. (Iizuka 2000, p.187). Skin Color and the Construction of Stereotypes The play contains several stereotypes related to racial discrimination and white supremacy. Jones is being racially fixated by the white authority. It is already in the second scene that, without any obvious reason, the police is requesting to see some form of identification from Jones. The police is very provocative towards Jones. The same approach and the more elaborated construction of the negative characteristics related to Mexican stereotyping can be experienced in scene ten. In this scene, the manager has a general image of Jones and his people which comes down to this: [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] thats the thing with you people, you think you can screw around, make babies [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦], you seem to think taxpayers like myself are going to bail you out and support you and yours forever. (Iizuka 2000, p.179). Referring to Bhabhas concept of ambivalence of the stereotype of the other, otherness is at once an object of derision and at once an object of desire (Bhabha 1994, p. 67). There is only one instance in the play where this important aspect of ambivalence in stereotypical identity can be found. In scene eleven the cholo, which is a denomination for a Mexican person from mixed descent, is crystallizing the element of desire. [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] and the skin on his back is brown [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] he is a handsome young god, and the crowd moves up close to him [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] hungry for something they do not know [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] (Iizuka 2000, p. 181) this elaboration portrays the beauty of the dark skin and it emphasizes Bhabhas notion of ambivalence. More specifically, it is the dark color of the skin that at once activates fixity and fantasy, mastery and pleasure, and thus plays a contradictory role in the ideological construction of otherness (Bhabha 1994, p. 66-78). The essay written by Bhabha, The Other Question, highlights two other important aspects of racial differentiation by skin color. The first one is related to the economic supremacy of white people and the visibility of skin as reinforcing the crucial recognition of difference (Bhabha 1994, p.79). Richness and whiteness are inversely described by the poverty of Jones. In scene nine Jones describes his inability to make lots of money: its hard, mary. I dont know how people make it. I dont know the secret. here its not much of anything. (Iizuka 2000, p. 179). The image of Joness low hierarchical position is strengthened by the subsequent scene ten where he performs a basic job feeding a machine and the Manager is supervising him. It is salient in this play that the dominant, white American, group is nameless. Iizuka decided not to give names to the people in a hierarchical superior position. They are called Police Man, Navy Man, Manager, Man or Employee. The reader gets the impression that these unnamed people can all be categorized in one dominant group with the same oppressive acts towards Jones. This singularity allows to bridge the racial discussion to the definition of ethnicity minus one as proposed in the essay who is Ethnic? by Werner Sollors. Meaning that ethnicity is universal and ethnicity minus one excludes the dominant group. In the play SKIN, the dominant group is obviously white and wealthy America. Throughout the play all the white actors behave similarly, they are oppressive and aggressive towards Jones and hence affirm their white dominant identity (Sollors 1995, p. 22). Scene thirty two I wanted to peel off my skin, and fold it up, and put it in a box. I wanted to disappear (Iizuka 2000, p.198). The way Jones narrates about skin, he confirms the importance of whiteness of skin in the American society. This emphasizes that the visibility of skin reinforces the recognition of difference and hence acts as a signifier of discrimination (Bhabha 1994, p.79). Furthermore Bhabhas essay explains that the stereotypes attributed with skin color remain a sign of cultural and political inferiority (Bhabha 1994, p.80). This reasoning is omnipresent in the play. In SKIN, Naomi Iizuka is able to reflect the longevity or fixity aspect of stereotypes. Since government has institutionalized its Civilizing Mission during the colonial period, the racial stereotypical discourse has become prejudicial and discriminatory (Bhabha 1994, p. 83). By implementing strategies of hierarchization and marginalization, colonial societies could be managed. What Bhabha is putting forward in the essay, is that knowledge on the ethnic group and the stereotypical generalization make the consideration of discriminatory and authoritarian forms of political control appropriate. The same concept can be found in SKIN. It are the Police and the Navy Men that are always present to provide surveillance and discipline through violent and oppressive harassment, and thus wield political control over the non-white and marginal community. Additional imagery to emphasize American, and white, superiority is portrayed in scene twenty six when Jones is looking to buy a weapon in the Gun Mart store. The Employee describes the gun as follow: [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] u.s. made. superior craftsmanship. feel. see. [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] or the description of the knife [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] made in germany. superior craftsmanship. cuts through anything. [à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦] (Iizuka 2000, p.192). Conclusion SKIN, proves to be a complex and layered play in terms of prevalent stereotypes. A superficial reading at first would make the reader conclude that Jones is a Latino living in a bordertown. However, when analyzing the different hints in the play, the reader comes to the notion that Jones is a mulato. Based on Gloria Anzaldà ºas analysis and representation of the mulato living near the U.S. Mexican international border, Joness is isolated between two colliding cultures which confuse his identity. SKIN emphasizes the harsh and hopeless life in the borderland. Naomi Iizuka exposes the reader to the oppressive and dominant approach of white America towards Jones. Through a polarized version of racial stereotyping, the play allows to apply the analytical concepts of ambivalence and fixity from Bhabhas essay The Other Question. Naomi Iizuka confirms through the character of Jones, who is isolated and living in a controlled environment, that racial prejudices and determination by the end of the nineties remained unchangeable. Nevertheless by introducing Marys daughter, who is able to see a colored world instead of a purely black and white one, Naomi projects her hope that future generations can disengage from the dominant, white and racial pure American culture and create an inclusive multi-cultural society.

Holocaust :: essays research papers

This is a story of how a young boy and his family lived through the holocaust. It begins in a town called Transylvania. The young boy was Elizer Weisel, one of four children and the only son. Elie was very spiritual, in which he wanted to find a master in Sighet to instruct him in the Zohar (the cabbalistic books, the secrets of Jewish mysticism). Moshe the Beadle was a poor man of the town that lived humbly. He was the one that would begin teaching Elie the Zohar.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  But one day, Moshe the Beadle, was expelled from Signet by the Hungarian police. He and others were crammed into box cars on a train. Several months had passed when Moshe the Beadle was spotted sitting in a bench in town. He began to tell his story of the terror he encountered. They were taken to a Polish territory where the Gestapo was in charge. They climbed into trucks and were driven into a forest where they dug their own graves. Then the Gestapo began firing at the Jews and throwing babies in the air as flying targets. Moshe was shot in the leg and pretended to be dead. Moshe began to make the journey home telling the horror that he experienced. No one could believe such an unimaginable story. The people just simply thought that he had gone mad. He begged people to believe his story but no one would.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Elie’s family listened to the London radio every evening. It was at the end of 1942 life had returned to normal. Bu the spring of 1944 all the Jews of Sighet were convinced that Germany’s defeat was near and they were all safe from harm. They even doubted Hitler wanted to exterminate them. But one day, they heard that German troops had entered Hungarian territory which brought on some anxiety. Then they moved on to Budapest where the Jews there were living in fear and terror. The Jews of Signet convinced themselves that the Germans would not move any further. But three days later German army cars had appeared in the streets. The officers were put up in private homes even some Jewish homes. Their first impressions of the Germans were mostly reassuring. They were calm, likeable, polite and sympathetic. The synagogues were closed.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The week of Passover they gathered at private houses to celebrate, but their hearts were not into it because of what was happening to their town.

Reasons Why I Want to be an RN Essay

There are many reasons why I would like to be an RN, and there are many reasons of why I should become an RN, ever since I was a child I have had the idea of being a nurse implanted in my head. Then as time went by other ideas came into play, like being a teacher or being a police officer, but being a nurse always stayed in my mind as a great career for me. I got this idea of being a nurse from my mother when I was a little kid, see my mom is a nurse, actually she is now the director of nursing at Bakersfield Heart. But when I was a kid, she went from floor nurse, to charge nurse, to director of her floor, to house supervisor, to assistant director, and now director. I can easily see her retiring as the CEO of this hospital. Now I do not know if I would want to do all of that, but I definitely see myself going from floor nurse to charge nurse, and maybe the director of the floor. The upper management just does not sound as fun to me. So originally I did not pursue the idea of nursing, I actually went into college thinking I was going to be a local high school teacher and wrestling coach, so I went and got my degree in Art Education, but while I was in college, I started working as a transport orderly at San Jose Medical Center before it closed, then went to Regional Medical Center of San Jose, where I started working as an Emergency Room clerk, and moved up to an Emergency Room Technician and loved the hands on with the patients. This is where I decided that teaching may wait till I retire from nursing, and nursing will become my career. Soon as I started working side by side with our nurses in the ER I saw that this is what I should be doing, and this is what I want to be doing, so I started working on the prerequisites right then and there. I loved the compassion the nurses had for their patients, and to see the smiles that would come from these patients when they felt better. There was something about being bedside that just pushed me to want to be more. Being a tech was and is amazing, but I want more, I want to be running the code, not just  a part of the code, when a trauma victim comes in, or a coded patient comes in. I love the feeling of bring back a patient in a code, even though I know right now by doing just CPR I am the one that is moving the medication through the body, I want to be the one that is pushing epinephrine, to bring that patient back. In this world today, I feel like there are less and less people that are actually trying to improve today’s society, and are looking out only for themselves, or their family. And I do not want to be one of those people. I want to be helping the community whether it is to clean up a homeless man, or save the life of a kid that was shot, you never know what that person can do for the rest of their lives to improve someone else’s life. I know that not all nursing is emergency nursing, but it all has its parts to the community and helping others. And I am ok with that, but I truly see myself in emergency nursing. If you notice that all of my jobs I was looking at while I was growing up, nursing, teaching, police officer, they are all helping professions, they are all improving the world around us, and ultimately that is what I really want to do, is improve the community, and improve the well being of the people around me. And I believe nursing is the right form of profession for me to do that.

Endangered Species Speech Essay

â€Å"DOOMED† was the headline on the front page of the United Kingdom newspaper, the Daily Mirror, in 1961. The article explained how rhinos were doomed to disappear from the face of the earth due to man’s folly, greed, and neglect. Rhinos once roamed many places throughout Eurasia and Africa and were known to early Europeans who depicted them in cave paintings. Long ago they were widespread across Africa’s savannas and Asia’s tropical forests, but today very few rhinos survive outside national parks and reserves. 52 years after the article we find that the diceros bicornis or the black rhino is indeed doomed. This rhino has been named critically endangered with a population today of only 4,848. These rhinos are found throughout southern and eastern Africa including Kenya, Tanzania, Cameroon, Namibia, Zimbabwe and Angola. My knowledge of the black rhino has increased dramatically due to my interest in endangered species. I became interested in endangered species when an advocate from the World Wildlife Foundation came to my school in 8th grade. Ever since, I have kept up with their website and read articles on what this incredible organization is doing for the advancement of endangered species. The St. Louis zoo is home to three black rhinos named Ruka, Kati Rain, and Ajabu. Ruka was born on January 14th, 2011 and was the first black rhino born in the St. Louis zoo in twenty years. In 38 zoos across the nation there are a total of 60 black rhinos. Although humans pose numerous threats to this critically endangered species of rhino, there are many conservation efforts being started to help increase the number of rhinos in the future. Why do rhinos matter? In almost all rhino conservation areas, there are other valuable plants and animals. The protection of rhinos helps protect other species including elephants, buffalo, and small game. Rhinos contribute to economic growth and sustainable development through the tourism industry, whic h creates job opportunities and provides tangible benefits to local communities living alongside rhinos. Rhinos are one of the â€Å"Big 5† animals popular on African safaris and they are a popular tourism draw in places like the Eastern Himalayas. The black rhino weighs around 1 to 1  ½ tons and the height of this rhino is relative to a 6 foot tall man. The rhino has two horns made of a substance similar to that of human fingernails. Sometimes the horns will fall off but they will eventually regenerate. The anterior horn near the front of the head is the larger of the two ranging in size from 3 inches to 5 feet. The shape of the horn also differs between sexes: with males tending to have thicker horns, and the females often longer and thinner ones. The female black rhino uses her horn to protect her young from predators such as lions, crocodiles, and hyenas. The men black rhino uses his horn to battle attackers. Humans are the only real threat to adult black rhinos. No other animal is a match for a full-grown rhino and its heavily armored body of very thick skin and lethal horns. Even though no animal is a match for a black rhino, humans are a major threat their population. Humans jeopardize the survival of the black rhino in many ways. Habitat changes have contributed to population declines. In southern Zimbabwe, privately owned rhino conservancies have been invaded by landless people. This reduces the amount of safe habitat for black rhinos and increases the risk of poaching. Poaching is the illegal practice of trespassing on another’s property to hunt or steal game without the land owner’s permission. Poaching is the leading threat against the critically endangered black rhinos. Poaching statistics released by the South African government reveal 668 rhinos were slaughtered—a 50% increase over 2011 and a staggering 5000% increase since 2007. Already, an additional five rhinos have been killed since the beginning of this year. Matthew Lewis, an African species expert, believes â€Å"poaching is a scourge that could wipe out decades of conservation gains made for black rhinos. A recent demand for the rhino horn has driven poaching to a record high level. In South Africa in 2010, a total of 333 rhinos were killed- almost one a day. In several Asian cultures, people believe that a rhino horn provides powerful medicine for a variety of ailments. Others, mainly those in northern Africa, use the rhino horns to make handles for special daggers. Since these rhino horns are usually very high in price, many poachers are willing to break the law and kill the se endangered animals. Poaching increases during times of political and economic instability. The social and economic conditions prevalent across much of the African continent include human population growth, poverty, instability, corruption and greed. During times of political instability and war outbreak it makes it hard to work on rhino conservation. The natives are worried more about the country as a whole than on helping conserve the rhino population. Despite the many threats against the black rhino, recent efforts have been made to increase the population. The World Wildlife Foundation has been involved in rhino conservation for nearly 50 years. The conservation efforts will expand existing protected areas and improve their management as well as establishing new protected areas, improve security monitoring to protect rhinos from poaching, and improve local and international law enforcement to stop the flow of rhino horn and other illegal wildlife trade items from Africa to other regions of the world. In October 2011, The World Wildlife Foundation successfully established a spacious and safe environment for black rhinos in an effort called â€Å"The Flying Rhinos†. Nineteen critically endangered black rhinos were transported via helicopter to a land vehicle. They spent less than 10 minutes in the air and the sedated animals woke up in a new home. This provided new territory where the rhinos have a greater opportunity to increase in number and live safe from poachers. Tracking the illegal wildlife trade and poaching will help the rhinos live safely in the wild. The World WildLife Foundation is setting up a rhino horn DNA analysis (RHODIS) that helps contribute to forensic investigations at the scene of poaching crimes and also serves as evidence to strengthen prosecution cases. TRAFFIC, the world’s largest wildlife trade monitoring network has played a vital role in helping develop innovative new transmitters to track rhino movements and protect them from poaching. They also helped set up an anonymous hotline that allows people to inform the authorities about poaching. To monitor and protect black rhinos the focus is on anti poaching patrols and more equipped law enforcement officers. Hopefully these valiant and strategic efforts will benefit the black rhino population in the future. Dr. Barney Long, an Asian species expert, expressed that â€Å"Rhinos have been an integral part of the natural world for tens of millions of years, and humankind is causing dramatic declines in just a few decades. We ca n change the outcome.† The black rhino is an incredible animal with many benefits to the world around us. Humans have been causing harm to species through poaching to use the rhino’s horn, political instability and war, and habitat loss. Although humans over the years have caused a decline in the rhino population, there are many conservation efforts in place to help increase the number of rhinos in the future. Tracking illegal wildlife trade and poaching, monitoring and protecting the areas where rhinos live, and creating new and innovative endeavors such as the Flying Rhinos are helping the rhinos tremendously already. The World Wildlife Foundation along with other organizations are putting in time and effort to save this amazing species of rhino, but they need your help! Push governments to protect threatened animal populations by increasing law enforcement, imposing strict deterrents, and reducing the demand for endangered species products. Hopefully, one day we will see the black rhino roam freely across the savanna once again.

Teamwork and the divorce between ownership and management Essay Example

Teamwork and the divorce between ownership and management Essay Example Teamwork and the divorce between ownership and management Essay Teamwork and the divorce between ownership and management Essay Transaction Costs: cost of conducting an economic exchange between two parties. Transaction costs have two important implications for the theory of the firm; firstly the theory of transaction costs predicts that economic exchange will tend to be organized in ways that minimize the costs of those exchanges (explaining the very existence of the firm), secondly transaction costs play an considerable role in limiting the size of firms. Coase wrote in 1937 that Economic exchange will tend to be organised in ways that minimize the cost of exchanges. One way to do this is to offer general contracts.If firms do not have general contracts, an employee cannot be asked to perform beyond his specific task- limiting the size of the firm. The firm, by offering general contracts, can minimize transaction costs. The firm may be described as a tool to minimise transactions costs. Any contract will be incomplete; there will be some chance of something happening that the contract does not cover. This is because, firstly it would be impossible to foresee everything that can happen, secondly, even if everything were foreseeable, it would be prohibitively costly to have a contract that covered all possible bases.Consider what happens when an uncovered contingency arises. Under market based relationship, each party would bargain to get a good deal for themselves. Bargaining is costly, waste of time, may break down cooperation. Also if purchase made now, other party may take advantage of this in future bargaining (Williamson 1985). However, when transaction takes place within firm, one party has residual control rights. Transaction costs are minimised as bargaining taken out of the equation.For this reason we expect to see large scale firms which require the coordination of, and cooperation among, many people to take place within a firm, rather than through a market. Something that suggests that the size of the firm should be limited is specialisation. If the costs of buying in the product for firm 1 are less than the actual costs of making the product, then it should be left to the other firm 2 to make this product which it specialises in, and firm 1 to buy it.For example, take the household as a firm 1 and a bakery as firm 2. It is more efficient for the household to buy in bread from the bakery, as the transactions costs are less than the cost of a bread maker, and the time and ingredients put into making the bread F, A, G p270-272 management economics book Teamwork occurs when an output is produced by the simultaneous cooperation of several team members to perform tasks. This cooperation reduces transactions costs. However, it can create other costs within the firm, such as shirking.Teamwork can cause, for the selfish individual, incentive to shirk, due to 2 related reasons. Firstly, it is difficult for the manager or principle to distinguish between the marginal products of each worker and detect which worker is shirking, and so production units within each team tend to be paid the same rate. Secondly, the shirker reaps benefits from his shirking, whereas the other team members bear the costs. The dilemma posed in providing motivation in these situations is termed the incentive problem.In the absence of perfect and cost-free monitoring, each team member can rationally be expected to shirk and hope to free ride on the efforts of other members. Another problem is that the productivity of any one-team member depends crucially on the input provided by other members. So if one team member shirks, the marginal product of the others, as well has total product of the team will fall. Giving employees some property rights, and a cut of the profits, through partnerships, or making the manager the residual claimant can reduce the incentive problem.1 Partnerships often exist where set-up costs are low, and where quality of production is difficult to observe, in markets such as accountancy, law and architecture. 2 The residual claimant should be the monitor, so he has incentives to increase profits. He should be a capitalist as they are more able to bear risk; workers bear no risk and always get the same wage. Although most property rights are in the hands of capitalists, some may be owned by labour in the form of cooperates.

Installing Windows Xp Essays

Installing Windows Xp Essays Installing Windows Xp Essay Installing Windows Xp Essay Most everyone in this time and age has a computer. Not all of them are up to par with the demands a computer has to fulfill. On average, a new computer goes out of date around 2 years after being placed into service. This means your computer most likely is already out of date. For some people this means you might have to update your operating system. Since Windows XP is now affordable and a lot of people like it, I will explain to you how to install it on your computer. Before installing Windows XP on your computer you will need to get together a small list of things. Your computer or laptop and the Windows XP compact disk that came with your computer or you bought at your local store. The first thing you need to do is look at your computer specifications to see if it meets the hardware requirements of Windows XP. It is located somewhere on the computer box you purchased or in your instruction manual. Next you need to compare your computer’s hardware specs to the minimum, and or recommended requirements of Windows XP. Your Central Processing Unit (CPU) has to be Pentium (or compatible) 233-megahertz (MHz) or higher; a Pentium II (or compatible) 300-MHz or higher processor is recommended. For your RAM (random access memory) you need 64 megabytes (MB) minimum; 128 MB is recommended; your hard drive needs to have at least 2 gigabytes (GB) free space. For your display, all you need is a video display adapter and monitor with Video Graphics Adapter (VGA) resolution or higher; Super VGA and a Plug and Play monitor are recommended. The next step is to insert your CD and get to your boot menu. You do this by restarting your computer and pressing F8 on your keyboard when your computer is booting up. Then you will have several options in front of you. Choose the one that says â€Å"boot from hard disk†. Now your computer is loading your Windows XP installation disk. The license agreement will then pop up. Press F8 to agree to it. If you don’t agree to the terms, you will not be able to install the program. Now you will insert your product key, located on the back of your Windows CD paper case, into the place provided. It will then start installing. You will still have some pop-ups asking you questions. The first one will be about a domain user and workgroup. None of this matters for your home computer. Click default settings and click continue. Next will be regional and language options. Look this over to make sure the information you put in is correct. Fill in the Date and time Options. This varies on where you live. Our time zone is Eastern so that is what we will use and then set it to the correct date. The network configuration will appear. Just click next so it stays default. Now your computer will do some setup tasks and the restart. After this your computer will have the operating system Windows XP on it. It feels good to install Windows all by yourself doesn’t it? Now that the installation is complete you will have to connect to the internet for all of the updates. For this consult, your ISP (internet service provider) because it is not a part of the Windows XP installation. But after that is done I’m sure you will be off playing your computer games, doing homework and poking someone on Facebook very soon.